“We must win the war against terrorism in the Sahel-Sahara region,” Macron told reporters after meeting with the five countries’ presidents and other leaders including Germany’s Angela Merkel.

Ambitious goals 

The International Crisis Group described the G5 force as a European effort to “bring down the expense of their overseas operations by delegating them partially to their African partners”.

“The Sahel is politically and economically strategic, especially for France and Germany, both of which view the region as posing a potential threat to their own security and as a source of migration and terrorism,” it added in a report on Tuesday.

The ambitious goal is to have a pooled force of 5 000 local troops operational by mid-2018, wresting back border areas from jihadists including a local Al-Qaeda affiliate.

Re-establishing law and order in the border zone between Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, where several hundred soldiers carried out last month’s debut mission, is a top priority.

Mali’s President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita told reporters it was “urgent to ensure that G5 Sahel forces get rapid results”.

“We are pursuing these efforts for peace in Mali,” he added.

The task is daunting, not least because the Islamists enjoy a degree of support in areas where people’s experience of the state has often been one of inefficacy or outright abuse of power.

In central Mali, Human Rights Watch noted that many villagers welcomed Islamists’ efforts to punish livestock thieves, while others “expressed anger at Malian army abuses”.

The rights group urged the new international force to respect civilians’ rights in areas where ordinary people have often borne the brunt of the violence.

Across the region, thousands have died in years of attacks, and tens of thousands have fled their homes. Troops have also been a frequent target, including an assault in Niger in October which left four US soldiers dead.

 Dangerous region The G5 force is set to work alongside Barkhane troops and the UN’s 12 000-strong MINUSMA peacekeeping operation in Mali – the most dangerous in the world, having lost 90 lives since 2013.

The EU has so far pledged 50 million euros ($59 million) to fund the force and France another eight million, while each of the African countries is putting forward 10 million euros.

Macron had visited both Saudi Arabia and the UAE in recent weeks, and had also pressed the United States — which has promised $60 million in aid to the countries — when he met President Donald Trump in July.

A summit in Brussels in February is set to focus on raising more cash to secure a region that has become a magnet for Islamic militants since Libya descended into chaos in 2011.

In 2012, Al-Qaeda-affiliated jihadists overran northern Mali, including the fabled desert city of Timbuktu.

France intervened in 2013 to drive the jihadists back but swathes of central and northern Mali remain wracked by violence, which has spilled across its borders.